All articles in this issue include authors from one universities in INDONESIA (Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya; Department of Medical Electronics Technology, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya) and universities from other countries (Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Nigeria; Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam; University of Douala Cameroon, Cameroon; Anna University, India; Bonab Islamic Azad university, Bonab, Iran).